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The Canadian Holocaust: The (Indian)
Residential School Timeline
Read the entire article: http://www.federaljack.com
Condensed by Native Village
Supporting video:
Mass genocide of Mohawk children by
UK Queen and Vatican uncovered in
Canada
Canada: In the 1880s, Canada's
government created Indian Residential
Schools. The idea was to assimilate
Aboriginal peoples into white
society. The country's prime
minister, John A. MacDonald, said it
would get rid of the “Indian
problem.”
The
state-legislated, genocidal law was
run by the church. Children who were
4-5 years old were forced away from
their Indian families to live in
"schools" that stripped them of
their Indian cultures.
In fact, Hitler studied the
residential schools' policies when
dealing with those he considered
"undesirable."
 The
negative impacts of residential
schooling on Aboriginal children and
their communities has been profound.
For the last 15 years or so,
residential school survivors have
filed almost 13,000 lawsuits against
Canada and the churches for abuse.
1620:
A Franciscan order opens
the first boarding school at Notre
Dame des Abeges near Quebec City
[closed 1629]
1636:
Jesuits open boarding
school
1668: Ursuline
nuns open a
boarding school for girls
1680: Boarding schools
fail
1763: The
end of Seven Years War
[the British conquer the French, and
the Algonquins
lose the French as allies]
1763: A Royal Proclamation
draws a
line separating Indian tribal lands
from the colonies. They establish a
process to purchase, settle, or
develop Indian lands. The Crown
defines itself as the the Indian
protector.
1787:
New England Company opens
the Sussex Vale school in New
Brunswick
1790s:
The American-based Methodist
Episcopal church first enters Upper
Canada
1812:
America's victory in the War of 1812 ends Tecumseh’s
resistance and a military threat by
Aboriginal people.
1821: Committee on Indian Affairs
is formed by Methodists at the church’s Genesee Conference. Most attendees did
not believe that “Indians” could be
Christianized.
 1823: Peter Jones (Mississauga
First Nations) converts to Methodist
Church.
1826: Egerton Ryerson
is the first
ordained Methodist missionary to the
Credit River Indians
1820s:
Floods of British settlers enter
Upper Canada.
1829: The Mohawk Institute
is established
at Six Nations by the New England
Company
1830: The
military shifts jurisdiction over
Aboriginal affairs to
civilian authorities
1830s:
Indian removal Policies begin in U.S. and
Canada
1845:
The Government recommends that Indian boarding
schools be set up
1846: Orillia Conference (Ontario)
1847: Indian Affairs consults with
Rev. Egerton Ryerson on setting up
Indian Industrial Schools
1857: Gradual Civilization Act
passes with education as part of
assimilation.
1867: British North America Act
passes that abolished traditional
Aboriginal government
 1870s:
From 1871 -1887, Canada concludes seven “numbered
treaties” for Indian
Policy on the prairies. Aboriginal
people wanted to secure their
livelihood and lands before settlers
arrived
1876: Canada adapts the Indian
Act which gives the DIA (Department
of Indian Affairs) complete control
over the personal, political, social
and economic life of Aboriginal
people
1879:
The buffalo disappears
1879: Nicholas Flood Davin recommends
that Canada's Indian
children be removed from their “evil
surroundings.” In the U.S., Industrial
Schools are
modeled after a prison commanded by
Lt. Richard Henry Pratt. Pratt's
motto was “the only good Indian is a dead
Indian” … “Kill the Indian in him
and save the man”
1880s:
Churches start to build
schools across Canada
1884: Sir John A. McDonald
introduces a bill to Parliament that
makes the potlach
[part of
religious/cultural/political
ceremonies] a crime.
1885: Indian Pass System
requires Indians to have a pass when
leaving or entering a reservation.
1885: The
[Louis] Riel Rebellion seeks to
preserve Métis rights and culture in
their Northwest homelands. Other Cree chiefs
join him to force Canada to live up
to its treaty promises. They
and Riel are hanged by Canadian
officials.
1889: Indian Affairs department
holds firm to industrial
model schools.
1892: Per Capita Grant for
Aboriginal students is passed. [treaty
requirements]
1896: The Canadian government
funds 45 church-run residential
schools across Canada
1904: The DIA issues two policies
to quicken Indian
assimilation: end Native
customs and improve Indian education,
and pressure First Nations to give
up portions of their lands for
settlers.
1907: Montreal Star and Saturday
Night reports on medical inspection
of the schools
1907: Indian Affairs submits the
Bryce Report
1912: 3,904 aboriginal children
are in
residential/industrial schools
 1920:
Duncan Campbell Scott from Indian
Affair recommends Bill
14 which restates Canada's right to
force attendance at Indian
Residential Schools: “I
want to get rid of the Indian
problem. I do not think as a matter
of fact, that this country ought to
continuously protect a class of
people who are able to stand alone.
That is my whole point. Our Object
is to continue until there is not a
single Indian in Canada that has not
been absorbed into the body politic,
and there is no Indian question, and
no Indian department and that is the
whole object of this Bill.
1930: 75% of the all Aboriginal
children between ages 7-15 are in
residential schools
1932: 8,213 aboriginal children
are in
residential/industrial schools
1938: The per capita grant issued
for Aboriginal students was $180
compared to $294 - $642 for white
students.
1943:
Integrating Aboriginal students in
provincial schools is recommended.
1945: 9,149 registered
to attend provincial schools. Only
100 (approx) students in grades
over Grade 8 are selected.
1946-48:
A special Joint Committee recommended that First
Nation Children be educated in
mainstream schools wherever and
whenever possible.
By 1948:
60% of Indian school population is enrolled in federal
schools. But in 1969, 60% were in
provincial schools. The number is
reduced from 72 schools with 9368 to
52 schools with 7704.
 1949:
Canada signs the United
Nations Genocide Convention.
[Adopted by Parliament in 1952].
Residential Schools operated for 30 years after
Canada signed the Convention.
Article 2: In the present
Convention, genocide means any of
the following acts committed with
intent to destroy, in whole or in
part, a national, ethnical, racial
or religious group, as such (a)
Killing members of the group; (b)
Causing serious bodily or mental
harm to members of the group; (c)
Deliberately inflicting on the group
conditions of life calculated to
bring about its physical destruction
in whole or in part; (d) Imposing
measures intended to prevent births
within the group; (e) Forcibly
transferring children of the group
to another group.
1951: Half-day system of school
is
abandoned
1951:
Changes to make education more
familiar to Aboriginal youth is
suggested, but not acted upon.
1956:
Canada accepts parental input into education
[parents who attended Indian residential schools and
were dysfunctional as a result]
By 1959: Number of Grade 9 – 13
students increases from 0 to 2144.
1969: Canada
takes complete management of, or
closes, all United
Church-related schools
1970s: Schooling becomes the
“battleground” for First Nations
self government concerns.
1970: Blue Quills Residential
School becomes
the first school controlled by a First nation.
1972:
National Indian Brotherhood of
Canada calls for an end to federal
control of First nation schooling.
1983: Last residential school in
Canada is closed.
 1980s:
Stories from the victims
of Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal
residential schools begin to
surface.
1986: The
General Council apologizes to Native
Congregations
1988: Assembly of First Nations
recommends the transfer of federal
and provincial jurisdiction over
First Nations education to First
Nations control.
1992-3: Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal
Council conducts a research study of
the effects of residential schooling
on their members. They identify a range of physical,
sexual and psychological abuses.
1995: First Nations
control over
80 % of the department’s
education budget and 98% of
on-reserve schools.
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